計算機圖形學（第二版）

第1章 計算機圖形學綜述                   
  11 計算機輔助設(shè)計                   
  12 圖示圖形學                   
  13 計算機藝術(shù)                   
  14 娛樂                   
  15 教學與培訓                   
  16 可視化                   
  17 圖像處理                   
  18 圖形用戶界面                    
                   
                   
   第2章 圖形系統(tǒng)綜述                    
  21 視頻顯示設(shè)備                   
  211 刷新式CRT                   
  212 光柵掃描顯示器                   
  213 隨機掃描顯示器                   
  214 彩色CRT監(jiān)視器                   
  215 直視存儲管                   
  216 平板顯示器                   
  217 三維觀察設(shè)備                   
  218 立體感和虛擬現(xiàn)實系統(tǒng)                   
  22 光柵掃描系統(tǒng)                   
  221 視頻控制器                    
  222 光柵掃描顯示處理器                    
  23 隨機掃描系統(tǒng)                   
  24 圖形監(jiān)視器與工作站                   
  25 輸入設(shè)備                   
  251 鍵盤                    
  252 鼠標                    
  253 跟蹤球和空間球                    
  254 操縱桿                    
  255 數(shù)據(jù)手套                    
  256 數(shù)字化儀                    
  257 圖像掃描儀                    
  258 觸摸板                    
  259 光筆                    
  2510 聲音系統(tǒng)                    
  26 硬拷貝設(shè)備                   
  27 圖形軟件                   
  271 坐標表示                    
  272 圖形功能                    
  273 軟件標準                    
  274 PHIGS工作站                    
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
                   
  第3章 輸出圖元                   
  31 點和線                   
  32 畫線算法                   
  321 DDA算法                   
  322 Bresenham畫線算法                   
  323 并行畫線算法                   
  33 幀緩沖器的裝載                   
  34 畫線函數(shù)                   
  35 圓生成算法                   
                   
  351 圓的特性                   
  352 中點圓算法                   
  36 橢圓生成算法                   
  361 橢圓的特征                   
  362 中點橢圓算法                   
  37 其他曲線                   
  371 圓錐曲線                   
  372 多項式和樣條曲線                   
  38 并行曲線算法                   
  39 曲線函數(shù)                   
  310 像素編址和物體的幾何表示                   
  3101 屏幕網(wǎng)格坐標                   
  3102 保留顯示的物體的幾何特性                   
  311填充區(qū)域圖元                   
  3111 掃描線多邊形填充算法                   
  3112 內(nèi)-外測試                   
  3113 曲線邊界區(qū)域的掃描線填充                   
  3114 邊界填充算法                   
  3115 泛濫填充算法                   
  312  區(qū)域填充函數(shù)                   
  313  單元陣列                   
  314  字符生成                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
                   
  第4章 輸出圖元的屬性                     
                   
  41 線屬性                   
  411 線型                   
  412 線寬                   
  413 畫筆或筆刷的選擇                   
  414 線顏色                   
  42 曲線屬性                   
  43 顏色和亮度等級                   
  431 顏色表                   
  432 灰度等級                   
  44 區(qū)域填充屬性                   
  441 填充模式                   
  442 圖案填充                   
  443 軟填充                   
  45 字符屬性                   
  451 文本屬性                   
  452 標記屬性                   
  46 束屬性                   
  461 線的束屬性                   
  462 區(qū)域填充束屬性                   
  463 文本的束屬性                   
  464 標記的束屬性                   
  47 查詢函數(shù)                   
  48 反走樣                   
  481 直線段的過取樣                   
  482 加權(quán)的像素掩模                   
  483 直線段的區(qū)域取樣                   
  484 過濾技術(shù)                   
  485 像素移相                   
  486 直線亮度差的校正                   
  487 對區(qū)域邊界進行反走樣                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
  第5章 二維幾何變換                     
                   
  5.1 基本變換                   
  5.1.1 平移                   
  5.1.2 旋轉(zhuǎn)                   
  5.1.3 縮放                   
  5.2 矩陣表達式和齊次坐標                   
  5.3 復合變換                   
  5.3.1 平移                   
  5.3.2 旋轉(zhuǎn)                   
  5.3.3 縮放                   
  5.3.4 通用基準點旋轉(zhuǎn)                   
  5.3.5 通用固定點縮放                   
  5.3.6 通用定向縮放                   
  5.3.7 連接特性                   
  5.3.8 通用復合變換和計算效率                   
  5.4 其他變換                   
  5.4.1 反射                   
  5.4.2 錯切                   
  5.5 坐標系間的變換                   
  5.6 仿射變換                   
  5.7 變換函數(shù)                   
  5.8 變換的光柵方法                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
                   
  第6章 二維觀察                     
                   
  6.1 觀察流程                   
  6.2 觀察參照坐標系                   
  6.3 窗口到視口的坐標變換                   
  6.4 二維觀察函數(shù)                   
  6.5 裁剪操作                   
  6.6 點的裁剪                   
  6.7 線段的裁剪                   
  6.7.1 CohenSutherland線段裁剪算法                   
  6.7.2 梁友棟Barsky線段裁剪算法                   
  6.7.3 NichollLeeNicholl線段裁剪算法                   
  6.7.4 非矩形裁剪窗口的線段裁剪                   
  6.7.5 劃分凹多邊形                   
  6.8 多邊形的裁剪                   
  6.8.1 SutherlandHodgeman多邊形裁剪                   
  6.8.2 WeilerAtherton算法                   
  6.8.3 其他多邊形的裁剪算法                   
  6.9 曲線的裁剪                   
  6.10 文字的裁剪                   
  6.11 外部裁剪                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
                   
  第7章 結(jié)構(gòu)和層次建模                     
                   
                   
  7.1 結(jié)構(gòu)的概念                   
  7.1.1 基本結(jié)構(gòu)函數(shù)                   
  7.1.2 設(shè)置結(jié)構(gòu)屬性                   
  7.2 編輯結(jié)構(gòu)                   
  7.2.1 結(jié)構(gòu)表和元素指針                   
  7.2.2 設(shè)置編輯模式                   
                   
  7.2.3 插入結(jié)構(gòu)元素                   
  7.2.4 替代結(jié)構(gòu)元素                   
  7.2.5 刪除結(jié)構(gòu)元素                   
  7.2.6 標識結(jié)構(gòu)元素                   
  7.2.7 從一個結(jié)構(gòu)中將元素復制到另一個結(jié)構(gòu)                   
  7.3 基本建模概念                   
  7.3.1 模型表示                   
  7.3.2 符號層次                   
  7.3.3 建模軟件包                   
  7.4 使用結(jié)構(gòu)來建立層次式模型                   
  7.4.1 局部坐標和建模變換                   
  7.4.2 模型變換                   
  7.4.3 結(jié)構(gòu)層次                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
  第8章 圖形用戶界面和交互輸入方法                  
  8.1 用戶對話                   
  8.1.1 窗口和圖符                   
  8.1.2 適應(yīng)多種熟練程度的用戶                   
  8.1.3 一致性                   
  8.1.4 減少記憶量                   
  8.1.5 回退和出錯處理                   
  8.1.6 反饋                   
  8.2 圖形數(shù)據(jù)的輸入                   
  8.2.1 輸入設(shè)備的邏輯分類                   
  8.2.2 定位設(shè)備                   
  8.2.3 筆劃設(shè)備                   
  8.2.4 字符串設(shè)備                   
  8.2.5 定值設(shè)備                   
  8.2.6 選擇設(shè)備                   
  8.2.7 拾取設(shè)備                   
  8.3 輸入功能                   
  8.3.1 輸入模式                   
  8.3.2 請求模式                   
  8.3.3 請求模式下的定位和筆劃輸入                   
  8.3.4 請求模式下的字符串輸入                   
  8.3.5 請求模式下的定值輸入                   
  8.3.6 請求模式下的選擇輸入                   
  8.3.7 請求模式下的拾取輸入                   
  8.3.8 取樣模式                   
  8.3.9 事件模式                   
  8.3.10 輸入模式的并行使用                   
  8.4 輸入設(shè)備參數(shù)的初值                   
  8.5 交互式構(gòu)圖技術(shù)                   
  8.5.1 基本的定位方法                   
  8.5.2 約束                   
  8.5.3 網(wǎng)格                   
  8.5.4 引力場                   
  8.5.5 橡皮條方法                   
  8.5.6 拖曳                   
  8.5.7 著色和繪圖                   
  8.6 虛擬現(xiàn)實環(huán)境                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
  第9章 三維概念                     
  9.1 三維顯示方法                   
  9.1.1 平行投影                   
  9.1.2 透視投影                   
  9.1.3 深度提示                   
  9.1.4 可見線面的標識                   
  9.1.5 表面繪制                   
  9.1.6 分解圖和剖面圖                   
  9.1.7 三維和立體視圖                   
  9.2 三維圖形軟件包                    
                   
                   
  第10章 三維物體的表示                    
                   
  10.1 多邊形表面                   
  10.1.1 多邊形表                   
  10.1.2 平面方程                   
  10.1.3 多邊形網(wǎng)格                   
  10.2 曲線和曲面                   
  10.3 二次曲面                   
  10.3.1 球面                   
  10.3.2 橢球面                   
  10.3.3 環(huán)面                   
  10.4 超二次曲面                   
  10.4.1 超橢圓                   
  10.4.2 超橢球面                   
  10.5 柔性物體                   
  10.6 樣條表示                   
  10.6.1 插值和逼近樣條                   
  10.6.2 參數(shù)連續(xù)性條件                   
  10.6.3 幾何連續(xù)性條件                   
  10.6.4 樣條描述                   
  10.7 三次樣條插值方法                   
  10.7.1 自然三次樣條                   
  10.7.2 Hermite插值                   
  10.7.3 Cardinal樣條                   
  10.7.4 KochanekBartels樣條                   
  10.8 Bézier曲線和曲面                   
  10.8.1 Bézier曲線                   
  10.8.2 Bézier曲線的特性                   
  10.8.3 使用Bézier曲線的設(shè)計技術(shù)                   
  10.8.4 三次 Bézier曲線                   
  10.8.5 Bézier曲面                   
  10.9 B樣條曲線和曲面                   
  10.9.1 B樣條曲線                   
  10.9.2 均勻的周期性B樣條曲線                   
  10.9.3 三次周期性B樣條曲線                   
  10.9.4 開放均勻的B樣條曲線                   
  10.9.5 非均勻B樣條曲線                   
  10.9.6 B樣條曲面                   
  10.10 beta樣條                   
  10.10.1 beta樣條連續(xù)性條件                   
  10.10.2 三次周期性beta樣條曲線的矩陣表示                   
                   
  10.11 有理樣條                   
  10.12 兩種樣條表達式間的轉(zhuǎn)換                   
  10.13 樣條曲線和曲面的顯示                   
  10.13.1 Horner規(guī)則                   
  10.13.2 向前差分計算                   
  10.13.3 細分方法                   
  10.14 掃描表示                   
  10.15 結(jié)構(gòu)實體幾何法                   
  10.16 八叉樹                   
  10.17 BSP樹                   
  10.18 分形幾何方法                   
  10.18.1 分形生成過程                   
  10.18.2 分形分類                   
  10.18.3 分形的維數(shù)                   
  10.18.4 確定性自相似分形幾何構(gòu)造                   
  10.18.5 統(tǒng)計自相似分形的幾何構(gòu)造                   
  10.18.6 仿射分形構(gòu)造方法                   
  10.18.7 隨機中點位移方法                   
  10.18.8 地面圖控制                   
  10.18.9 自平方分形                   
  10.18.10?自逆分形                   
  10.19 形狀語法和其他過程性方法                   
  10.20 微粒系統(tǒng)                   
  10.21 基于物理的建模                   
  10.22 數(shù)據(jù)集的可視化                   
  10.22.1 標量場的可視化表示                   
  10.22.2 向量場的可視表示                   
  10.22.3 張量場的可視表示                   
  10.22.4 多變量數(shù)據(jù)場的可視表示                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
  第11章 三維幾何和建模變換                    
                   
  11.1 平移                   
  11.2 旋轉(zhuǎn)                   
  1121 坐標軸旋轉(zhuǎn)                   
  1122 一般三維旋轉(zhuǎn)                   
  1123 四元數(shù)旋轉(zhuǎn)                   
  11.3 縮放                   
  11.4 其他變換                   
  1141 反射                   
  1142 錯切                   
  11.5 復合變換                   
  11.6 三維變換函數(shù)                   
  11.7 建模變換和坐標變換                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
  第12章 三維觀察                     
  12.1 觀察流水線                   
  12.2 觀察坐標                   
  1221 指定觀察平面                   
  1222 從世界坐標到觀察坐標的變換                   
  12.3 投影                   
  1231 平行投影                   
  1232 透視投影                   
  12.4 觀察體和一般投影變換                   
  1241 一般平行投影變換                   
  1242 一般透視投影變換                   
  12.5 裁剪                   
  1251 規(guī)范化觀察體                   
  1252 視口裁剪                   
  1253 齊次坐標裁剪                   
  12.6 硬件實現(xiàn)                   
  12.7 三維觀察函數(shù)                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
  第13章 可見面判別算法                     
                   
                   
  13.1 可見面判別算法的分類                   
  13.2 后向面判別                   
  13.3 深度緩沖器算法                   
  13.4 A緩沖器算法                   
  13.5 掃描線算法                   
  13.6 深度排序算法                   
  13.7 BSP樹算法                   
  13.8 區(qū)域細分算法                   
  13.9 八叉樹算法                   
  13.10光線投射算法                   
  13.11 曲面                   
  13.11.1 曲面表示                   
  13.11.2 曲面的層位線顯示                   
  13.12 線框算法                   
  13.13 可見性判別函數(shù)                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
  第14章 光照模型與面繪制算法                   
                   
  14.1 光源                   
  14.2 基本光照模型                   
  14.2.1 環(huán)境光                   
  14.2.2 漫反射                   
  14.2.3 鏡面反射和Phong模型                   
  14.2.4 多光源漫反射和鏡面反射的合并                   
  14.2.5 Warn模型                   
  14.2.6 強度衰減                   
  14.2.7 顏色                   
  14.2.8 透明度                   
  14.2.9 陰影                   
                   
  14.3 光強度顯示                   
  14.3.1 分配強度等級                   
  14.3.2 gamma校正與視頻查找表                   
  14.3.3 顯示連續(xù)色調(diào)的圖像                   
  14.4 半色調(diào)模式和抖動技術(shù)                   
  14.4.1 半色調(diào)近似                   
  14.4.2 抖動技術(shù)                   
  14.5 多邊形繪制算法                   
  14.5.1 恒定光強度的明暗處理                   
  14.5.2 Gouraud明暗處理                   
  14.5.3 Phong明暗處理                   
  14.5.4 快速Phong明暗處理                   
  14.6 光線跟蹤算法                   
  14.6.1 基本光線跟蹤算法                   
  14.6.2 光線與物體表面的求交計算                   
  14.6.3 減少物體求交的計算量                   
  14.6.4 空間分割方法                   
  14.6.5 光線跟蹤反走樣                   
  14.6.6 分布式光線跟蹤                   
  14.7 輻射度光照模型                   
  14.7.1 基本輻射度模型                   
  14.7.2 逐步求精的輻射度方法                   
  14.8 環(huán)境映射                   
  14.9 添加表面細節(jié)                   
  14.9.1 用多邊形模擬表面細節(jié)                   
  14.9.2 紋理映射                   
  14.9.3 過程式紋理映射方法                   
  14.9.4 凹凸映射                   
  14.9.5 幀映射                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
                   
  第15章 顏色模型和顏色應(yīng)用                    
                   
  15.1 光的特性                   
  15.2 標準基色和色彩圖                   
  15.2.1 XYZ顏色模型                   
  15.2.2 CIE色度圖                   
  15.3 直觀的顏色概念                   
  15.4 RGB顏色模型                   
  15.5 YIQ顏色模型                   
  15.6 CMY顏色模型                   
  15.7 HSV顏色模型                   
  15.8 HSV和RGB模型之間的轉(zhuǎn)換                   
  15.9 HLS顏色模型                   
  15.10 顏色選擇及其應(yīng)用                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
                   
  第16章 計算機動畫                     
                   
  16.1 動畫序列的設(shè)計                   
  16.2 通用計算機動畫功能                   
  16.3 光柵動畫                   
  16.4 計算機動畫語言                   
  16.5 關(guān)鍵幀系統(tǒng)                   
  16.5.1 變形                   
  16.5.2 模擬加速度                   
  16.6 運動的描述                   
  16.6.1 直接運動描述                   
  16.6.2 目標導向系統(tǒng)                   
  16.6.3 運動學和動力學                   
  小結(jié)                   
  參考文獻                   
  練習題                    
                   
   附錄A 計算機圖形學的數(shù)學基礎(chǔ)                    
                   
  A.1 坐標參照系                   
                   
 A.1.1 二維笛卡兒參照系                   
 A.1.2 xy平面的極坐標                   
                   
 A.1.3 三維笛卡兒參照系                   
 A.1.4 三維曲線坐標系                   
                   
 A.1.5 立體角                   
  A.2 點與向量                   
                   
 A.2.1 向量加與定比例乘                   
 A.2.2 兩向量的標量積                   
                   
 A.2.3 兩向量的向量積                   
  A.3 基向量和度量張量                   
                   
 A.3.1 正交基                   
 A.3.2 度量張量                   
                   
  A.4 矩陣                   
 A.4.1 標量乘法與矩陣加法                   
                   
 A.4.2 矩陣乘法                   
 A.4.3 矩陣轉(zhuǎn)置                   
                   
 A.4.4 矩陣的秩                   
 A.4.5 矩陣的逆                   
                   
  A.5 復數(shù)                   
  A.6 四元數(shù)                   
                   
  A.7 非參數(shù)表示                   
  A.8 參數(shù)表示                   
                   
  A.9 數(shù)值方法                   
 A.9.1 求解線性方程組                   
                   
 A.9.2 非線性方程的求根                   
 A.9.3 積分估值                   
                   
 A.9.4 為數(shù)據(jù)集擬合曲線