IP電話：基于分組的多媒體通信系統(tǒng)

第一部分 IP電話協(xié)議的應(yīng)用層                   
                   
 第一章 H.323和IP電話的基本背景 3                   
 1.1 一點(diǎn)歷史 3                   
 1.1.1 到哪里去找相關(guān)文件 3                   
 1.1.2 從RTP到H.323：一個(gè)快速瀏覽 4                   
 1.2 在分組交換網(wǎng)絡(luò)上傳送語(yǔ)音 5                   
 1.2.1 以達(dá)爾文的觀點(diǎn)觀察語(yǔ)音傳輸 5                   
 1.2.2 使用RTP和RTCP實(shí)現(xiàn)基于IP的語(yǔ)音和視頻 8                   
 1.3 逐步了解H.323 16                   
 1.3.1 從終端A到終端B的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單呼叫 16                   
 1.3.2 從Internet呼叫公共電話網(wǎng)用戶 22                   
 1.3.3 H.323跨越多個(gè)域 27                   
 1.4 高級(jí)內(nèi)容 33                   
 1.4.1 快速過(guò)程 33                   
 1.4.2 H.323會(huì)議 39                   
 1.4.3 目錄和編號(hào) 43                   
 1.4.4 H.323安全：H.235 49                   
 1.5 媒體流 57                   
 1.5.1 編解碼器 57                   
 1.5.2 DTMF 74                   
 1.5.3 傳真 75                   
 1.6 使用H.450補(bǔ)充服務(wù) 81                   
 1.6.1 H.450.1 81                   
 1.6.2 H.450.2：呼叫轉(zhuǎn)移 82                   
 1.6.3 H.450.3 ：呼叫前轉(zhuǎn)(call diversion) 86                   
 1.6.4 H.450的未來(lái) 87                   
 1.7 H.323的未來(lái) 87                   
                   
 第二章 會(huì)話啟動(dòng)協(xié)議(SIP) 89                   
 2.1 SIP的起源和用途 89                   
 2.1.1 簡(jiǎn)單SIP呼叫概要 89                   
 2.1.2 SIP消息 92                   
 2.1.3 會(huì)話描述語(yǔ)法SDP 100                   
 2.2 SIP的高級(jí)服務(wù) 102                   
 2.2.1 SIP實(shí)體 102                   
 2.2.2 用戶定位和移動(dòng)性 107                   
 2.2.3 多方會(huì)議 111                   
 2.2.4 配置基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的呼叫處理 113                   
 2.2.5 SIP呼叫計(jì)費(fèi) 113                   
 2.3 SIP安全 114                   
 2.3.1 媒體安全 114                   
 2.3.2 SIP防火墻 116                   
 2.4 SIP與H.323 117                   
 2.4.1 SIP能做但H.323做不到的事情 117                   
 2.4.2 H.323能做但SIP做不到的事情 118                   
 2.4.3 H.323到SIP網(wǎng)關(guān) 119                   
 2.4.4 關(guān)于SIP的未來(lái)及其與H.323關(guān)系的結(jié)論 120                   
                   
 第三章 媒體網(wǎng)關(guān)到媒體控制器協(xié)議(MGCP) 121                   
 3.1 簡(jiǎn)介 121                   
 3.1.1 選擇哪種協(xié)議 122                   
 3.1.2 關(guān)于需求 123                   
 3.1.3 IP電話的一種新結(jié)構(gòu) 123                   
 3.2 什么是MGCP 128                   
 3.3 協(xié)議的工作 131                   
 3.3.1 情況1 131                   
 3.3.2 情況2 135                   
 3.3.3 H.323的情況 138                   
 3.4 注釋 142                   
                   
 第二部分 語(yǔ)音技術(shù)背景                   
                   
 第四章 語(yǔ)音質(zhì)量 145                   
 4.1 簡(jiǎn)介 145                   
 4.2 電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的回聲 147                   
 4.2.1 發(fā)話回聲, 受話回聲 147                   
 4.2.2 混合回聲 148                   
 4.2.3 聲學(xué)回聲 150                   
 4.2.4 怎樣限制回聲 151                   
 4.3 VoIP電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)的延遲 154                   
 4.3.1 操作系統(tǒng)的影響 154                   
 4.3.2 抖動(dòng)緩沖策略對(duì)延遲的影響 155                   
 4.3.3 編解碼器. 幀分組和冗余的影響 156                   
 4.3.4 端到端延遲的測(cè)量結(jié)果 158                   
 4.3.5 電話呼叫回聲和延遲的可接受性 159                   
 4.3.6 IP電話網(wǎng)絡(luò)的結(jié)果 161                   
 4.4 接近ETSI TIPHON 162                   
                   
 第五章 語(yǔ)音編碼 168                   
 5.1 簡(jiǎn)介 168                   
 5.1.1 傳送帶寬. 抽樣和量化 168                   
 5.1.2 數(shù)字信號(hào)處理的一些基本工具 171                   
 5.1.3 A律或m律ITU-T 64 kbit/s G.711 174                   
 5.1.4 語(yǔ)音編碼器的規(guī)范和主觀質(zhì)量 176                   
 5.1.5 ACR主觀測(cè)試或MOS的含義 177                   
 5.2 語(yǔ)音和聽(tīng)覺(jué)屬性 180                   
 5.2.1 語(yǔ)音的產(chǎn)生 180                   
 5.2.2 語(yǔ)音和音頻比特率降低的聽(tīng)覺(jué)感受 184                   
 5.3 量化和編碼器 185                   
 5.3.1 自適應(yīng)量化器 185                   
 5.3.2 差分(及預(yù)測(cè))量化 188                   
 5.3.3 向量量化 191                   
 5.3.4 熵編碼 192                   
 5.3.5 波形編碼器：ADPCM ITU-T G.726 192                   
 5.3.6 使用波形類編碼器的寬頻帶語(yǔ)音編碼 196                   
 5.4 語(yǔ)音編碼技術(shù) 199                   
 5.4.1 混合與合成分析語(yǔ)音編碼 199                   
 5.4.2 GSM全速率RPE-LTP語(yǔ)音編碼器 200                   
 5.4.3 代碼激勵(lì)線性預(yù)測(cè)(CELP)編碼器 202                   
 5.4.4 ITU-T 8 kbit/s CS_ACELP G.729 205                   
 5.4.5 ITU-T G.723.1 207                   
 5.4.6 間斷傳輸和舒適噪聲發(fā)生器 208                   
 5.4.7 低延遲CELP編碼：ITU-T G.728 209                   
 5.4.8 關(guān)于語(yǔ)音編碼器的部分結(jié)論和它們的近期發(fā)展 211                   
 5.5 關(guān)于VoIP電話網(wǎng)關(guān)的評(píng)論 212                   
 5.5.1 電氣回聲消除器 212                   
 5.5.2 最大努力 213                   
 5.5.3 非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化 213                   
                   
 第三部分 網(wǎng)絡(luò)                   
                   
 第六章 服務(wù)質(zhì)量 219                   
 6.1 什么是服務(wù)質(zhì)量 219                   
 6.2 描述數(shù)據(jù)流 220                   
 6.3 用于控制服務(wù)質(zhì)量的排隊(duì)技術(shù) 221                   
 6.3.1 分級(jí)排隊(duì)技術(shù) 222                   
 6.3.2 公平排隊(duì)技術(shù) 222                   
 6.3.3 如何計(jì)算GPS離開(kāi)時(shí)間 227                   
 6.3.4 網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的PGPS復(fù)用器 228                   
 6.4 傳遞服務(wù)質(zhì)量要求 229                   
 6.4.1 IP中的TOS字節(jié) 229                   
 6.4.2 使用IP優(yōu)先級(jí)字段 230                   
 6.4.3 (重新)定義IP TOS字節(jié)的值 231                   
 6.4.4 與IP TOS/DS字節(jié)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題 234                   
 6.5 RSVP 235                   
 6.5.1 RSVP提供的服務(wù) 235                   
 6.5.2 RSVP消息 236                   
 6.5.3 使用RSVP建立受控負(fù)載預(yù)定 238                   
 6.5.4 使用RSVP建立保證服務(wù)預(yù)定 239                   
 6.5.5 軟狀態(tài) 240                   
 6.5.6 其他特色 241                   
 6.6 RSVP的可伸縮問(wèn)題 241                   
 6.6.1 CPU的限制 241                   
 6.6.2 過(guò)度供應(yīng) 242                   
 6.6.3 狀態(tài) 242                   
 6.6.4 一些解決方案 243                   
 6.7 骨干網(wǎng)上的服務(wù)類別 243                   
 6.7.1 將相似的流分組 243                   
 6.7.2 帶寬的管理 245                   
 6.7.3 和RSVP通道一起使用DiffServ 245                   
 6.8 RSVP到Diffserv的映射 246                   
 6.8.1 PATH消息 247                   
 6.8.2 RESV消息 248                   
 6.8.3 警告 248                   
 6.9 在盡力類別中改善服務(wù)質(zhì)量 249                   
 6.9.1 與UDP業(yè)務(wù)量有關(guān)的問(wèn)題 249                   
 6.9.2 與TCP業(yè)務(wù)量有關(guān)的問(wèn)題 250                   
 6.9.3 RED和WRED 251                   
 6.10 與低速鏈路有關(guān)的問(wèn)題 252                   
 6.11 結(jié)束語(yǔ) 254                   
                   
 第七章 網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃 255                   
 7.1 簡(jiǎn)單的壓縮語(yǔ)音流模型 255                   
 7.1.1 語(yǔ)音編碼器 255                   
 7.1.2 使用同一個(gè)編碼器的N路同時(shí)通話的模型 258                   
 7.1.3 丟失率與容量規(guī)劃 259                   
 7.1.4 分組丟失還是幀丟失 263                   
 7.1.5 多編碼器 264                   
 7.2 IP電話專用網(wǎng)絡(luò) 265                   
 7.2.1 有此必要嗎 265                   
 7.2.2 網(wǎng)絡(luò)容量規(guī)劃 265                   
 7.3 將數(shù)據(jù)通信與語(yǔ)音通信組合在一個(gè)公共的IP骨干網(wǎng)中 268                   
 7.3.1 語(yǔ)音流的優(yōu)先分級(jí) 268                   
 7.3.2 對(duì)端到端延遲的影響 270                   
 7.4 多點(diǎn)通信 271                   
 7.4.1 多點(diǎn)音頻會(huì)議 271                   
 7.4.2 召開(kāi)多點(diǎn)視頻會(huì)議 275                   
 7.5 模型呼叫捕獲 276                   
 7.5.1 愛(ài)爾蘭模型簡(jiǎn)介 276                   
 7.5.2 服務(wù)器的數(shù)量有限且當(dāng)沒(méi)有可用的服務(wù)器時(shí)呼叫將被拒絕的模型 278                   
 7.5.3 每秒鐘的呼叫數(shù) 279                   
 7.6 結(jié)束語(yǔ) 280                   
                   
 第八章 IP多點(diǎn)傳輸路由 282                   
 8.1 何時(shí)采用多點(diǎn)傳輸路由 282                   
 8.1.1 一種實(shí)時(shí)技術(shù) 282                   
 8.1.2 網(wǎng)絡(luò)的效率 283                   
 8.2 多點(diǎn)傳輸架構(gòu) 284                   
 8.2.1 多點(diǎn)傳輸?shù)刂? 多點(diǎn)傳輸群組 284                   
 8.2.2 以太網(wǎng)上的多點(diǎn)傳輸 286                   
 8.2.3 群組成員資格協(xié)議 287                   
 8.3 多點(diǎn)傳輸應(yīng)用的控制范圍 289                   
 8.3.1 控制范圍與初始TTL值的關(guān)系 289                   
 8.3.2 TTL門(mén)限值 290                   
 8.3.3 管理范圍 290                   
 8.4 建立多點(diǎn)傳輸投遞樹(shù) 291                   
 8.4.1 擴(kuò)散與生成樹(shù) 291                   
 8.4.2 共享樹(shù) 292                   
 8.4.3 源基樹(shù) 292                   
 8.5 多點(diǎn)傳輸路由選擇協(xié)議 294                   
 8.5.1 DVMRPv3 294                   
 8.5.2 其他協(xié)議 298                   
 8.5.3 核基樹(shù)(CBT) 301                   
 8.6 IP多點(diǎn)傳輸中的安全問(wèn)題 301                   
 8.6.1 未經(jīng)許可的監(jiān)聽(tīng) 301                   
 8.6.2 未經(jīng)許可的發(fā)送和拒絕服務(wù)攻擊 302                   
 8.6.3 防火墻 302                   
 8.7 Mbone 303                   
 8.8 域間多點(diǎn)傳輸路由選擇 305                   
 8.8.1 運(yùn)行不同協(xié)議的域之間的互操作 305                   
 8.8.2 BGMP 306                   
 8.8.3 多點(diǎn)傳輸域間路由選擇結(jié)論 308                   
 8.9 多點(diǎn)傳輸警戒 309                   
 8.9.1 在非廣播介質(zhì)上的多點(diǎn)傳輸 309                   
 8.9.2 擴(kuò)散 310                   
 8.9.3 共同的問(wèn)題 311                   
 8.10 地址分配 311                   
 8.11 Mbone應(yīng)用 313                   
 8.11.1 在多點(diǎn)傳輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)上使用RTP召開(kāi)視頻會(huì)議 313                   
 8.11.2 SDR：會(huì)話目錄 313                   
 8.11.3 VIC和VAT 314                   
 8.11.4 可靠多點(diǎn)傳輸 315                   
 8.12 附錄：多點(diǎn)傳輸?shù)刂?nbsp;316                   
                   
 詞匯表 321