PART I INTRODUCING THE FIELD Chapter 1 Humanity and Environment 1.1 The Tragedy of the Commons 1 1.2 The Master Equation 5 1.3 The Grand Objectives 8 1.4 Addressing the Challenge 14 Further Reading 15 Exercises 15 Chapter 2 The Industrial Ecology Concept 2.1 From Contemporaneous Thinking to Forward Thinking 17 2.2 Linking Industrial Activity and Environmental and Social Sciences 20 2.3 Key Questions of Industrial Ecology 21 2.4 An Overview 21 Further Reading 23 Exercises 23 Chapter 3 Technological Change and Evolving Risk 3.1 Historical Patterns in Technological Evolution 25 3.2 Approaches to Risk 30 3.3 Risk Assessment 33 3.4 Risk Communication 35 3.5 Risk Management 35 Further Reading 37 Exercises 38 PART II THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND SOCIETAL FRAMEWORK Chapter 4 The Relevance of Biological Ecology to Technology 4.1 Considering the Analogy 39 4.2 Biological and Industrial Organisms 40 4.3 Food Chains: Networks of Nutrient and Energy Transfer 43 4.4 Population Ecology 47 4.5 Classification of Specific Linkages 49 4.6 The Utility of the Ecological Approach 52 Further Reading 54 Exercises 54 Chapter 5 The Status of Resources 5.1 Introduction 55 5.2 Depletion Times and Under abundant Resources 55 5.3 Hitchhiker Resources 57 5.4 Energy Resources 58 5.5 Energetically Limited Mineral Resources 60 5.6 Geographically Influenced Resource Availability 61 5.7 Environmentally Limited Resources 62 5.8 Cumulative Supply Curves 63 5.9 Water Resources 64 5.10 Summary 65 Further Reading 67 Exercises 67 Chapter 6 Society and Culture 6.1 Society, Culture, and Industrial Ecology 68 6.2 Cultural Constructs and Temporal Scales 69 6.3 The Private Firm in a Social Context 72 6.4 Environmentalism, Technology, and Society 72 Further Reading 75 Exercises 76 Chapter 7 Governments, Laws, and Economics 7.1 National Governmental Structures and Actions 77 7.2 International Governance Considerations 80 7.3 Industrial Ecology and the Legal System 81 7.4 Economics and Industrial Ecology 86 7.5 Finance, Capital, and Investment 90 Further Reading 92 Exercises 92 PART III DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT Chapter 8 Industrial Product Design and Development 8.1 The Product Design Challenge 94 8.2 Conceptual Tools for Product Designers 96 8.3 Design for X 97 8.4 Product Design Teams 99 8.5 The Product Realization Process 101 Further Reading 103 Exercises 104 Chapter 9 Industrial Process Design and Operation 9.1 The Process Design Challenge 105 9.2 Pollution Prevention 106 9.3 The Challenge of Water Availability 109 9.4 The Process Life Cycle 111 9.5 The Approach to Process Analysis 113 9.6 Guidelines for Process Design and Operation 115 9.7 Implications for Corporations 116 Further Reading 116 Exercises 117 Chapter 10 Choosing Materials 10.1 Materials Selection Considerations 118 10.2 Materials and Environmental Hazards 119 10.3 Materials Sources and Principal Uses 121 10.4 Materials Substitution 126 10.5 Multiparameter Materials Selection 128 10.6 Dematerialization 134 10.7 Material Selection Guidelines 134 Further Reading 136 Exercises 136 Chapter 11 Designing for Energy Efficiency 11.1 Energy and Industry 137 11.2 Primary Processing Industries 139 11.3 Intermediate Processing Industries 140 11.4 Analyzing Energy Use 141 11.5 General Approaches to Minimizing Energy Use 144 11.6 Summary 147 Further Reading 147 Exercises 148 Chapter 12 Product Delivery 12.1 Introduction 149 12.2 General Packaging Considerations 150 12.3 Solid Residue Considerations 151 12.4 Liquid and Gaseous Emission Considerations 155 12.5 Transportation and Installation 155 12.6 Discussion and Summary 156 Further Reading 157 Exercises 157 Chapter 13 Environmental Interactions During Product Use 13.1 Introduction 158 13.2 Solid Residue Generation During Product Use 158 13.3 Liquid Residue Generation During Product Use 159 13.4 Gaseous Residue Generation During Product Use 159 13.5 Energy Consumption During Product Use 160 13.6 Intentionally Dissipative Products 161 13.7 Unintentionally Dissipative Products 162 13.8 Design for Maintainability 162 Further Reading 165 Exercises 165 Chapter 14 Design for End of Life 14.1 Introduction 166 14.2 General End-of-Life Considerations 171 14.3 Remanufacturing 173 14.4 Recycling 173 14.5 Fastening Parts Together 177 14.6 Planning for Recyclability 177 Further Reading 182 Exercises 182 Chapter 15 An Introduction to Life-Cycle Assessment 15.1 The Life Cycle of Industrial Products 183 15.2 The LCA Framework 186 15.3 Goal Setting and Scope Determination 188 15.4 Defining Boundaries 188 15.5 Approaches to Data Acquisition 191 Further Reading 196 Exercises 196 Chapter 16 The LCA Impact and Interpretation Stages 16.1 LCA Impact Analysis 197 16.2 Industrial Prioritization: The IVL/Volvo EPS System 198 16.3 Interpretation Analysis 204 16.4 Prioritization Diagrams 207 16.5 Discussion 210 Further Reading 211 Exercises 212 Chapter 17 Streamlining the LCA Process 17.1 The Assessment Continuum 214 17.2 Preserving Perspective 215 17.3 The SLCA Matrix 216 17.4 Target Plots 218 17.5 Assessing Generic Automobiles of Yesterday and Today 218 17.6 SLCA Assets and Liabilities 224 17.7 Discussion 226 Further Reading 226 Exercises 227 Chapter 18 Using the Corporate Industrial Ecology Toolbox 18.1 Stages and Scales in Industrial Environmental Management 228 18.2 The First Stage: Regulatory Compliance 228 18.3 The Second Stage: Pollution Prevention 229 18.4 The Third Stage: Design for Environment 230 18.5 Environmental Opportunities at the PRP Gates 231 18.6 The Industrial Ecology Mechanic and the Toolbox 234 18.7 Industrial Ecology Tools for the Service Sector 235 Further Reading 236 Exercises 236 PART IV CORPORATE INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY Chapter 19 Managing Industrial Ecology in the Corporation 19.1 Overview 237 19.2 Environment as Strategic for the Firm 238 19.3 Implementing Industrial Ecology in the Corporation 239 Further Reading 244 Exercises 244 Chapter 20 Indicators and Metrics 20.1 The Importance of Indicators and Metrics 245 20.2 Metric Systems Development 246 20.3 Industry-Level Metrics 248 20.4 Metrics Displays and Metrics Aggregation 251 20.5 Hierarchical Metrics Systems 252 Further Reading 254 Exercises 254 Chapter 21 Services Technology and Environment 21.1 Defining Services 256 21.2 The Environmental Dimensions of Services 261 21.3 The Industrial Ecology of Service Firms 263 Further Reading 266 Exercises 266 PART V SYSTEMS-LEVEL INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY Chapter 22 Industrial Ecosystems 22.1 The Ecosystems Concept 268 22.2 Industrial Symbiosis 273 22.3 Designing and Developing Symbiotic Industrical Ecosystems 275 22.4 Resource Flow in Industrial Ecosystems 277 22.5 Pattern and Scale in Industrial Ecosystems 279 22.6 The Utility of Mixed Ecological Approaches 281 Further Reading 283 Exercises 283 Chapter 23 Metabolic and Resource Analyses 23.1 Budgets and Cycles 284 23.2 Metabolic Analyses in Industrial Ecology 289 23.3 Resource Analyses in Industrial Ecology 291 23.4 The Balance Between Natural and Anthropogenic Mobilization of Resources 296 23.5 The Utility of Metabolic and Resource Analyses 297 Further Reading 298 Exercises 298 Chapter 24 Systems Analysis, Models, and Scenario Development 24.1 Thinking at the Systems Level 299 24.2 Models of Technological Systems 305 24.3 Describing Possible Futures 308 24.4 Developing a Predictive Industrial Ecology 313 Further Reading 314 Exercises 315 Chapter 25 Earth Systems Engineering and Management 25.1 Introducing the Concept 316 25.2 Examples of ESEM, Implemented and Proposed 317 25.3 The Principles of ESEM 323 25.4 Facing the ESEM Question 324 Further Reading 326 Exercises 327 Chapter 26 The Future of Industrial Ecology 26.1 Industrial Ecology in the Midst of Change 328 26.2 The Industrial Ecology Hardware Store 329 26.3 Industrial Ecology as an Evolving Science 331 26.4 An Industrial Ecology Research Roadmap 335 26.5 Redefining the Challenge 338 Further Reading 338 Appendix A Electronic Solder Alternatives: A Detailed Case Study Appendix B Units of Measurement in Industrial Ecology Glossary Index
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