1 Overview of Programming and Problem Solving 1 1.1 Overview of Programming 2 What is Programming? 2 How Do We Write a Program? 2 1.2 What is a Programming Language? 7 1.3 What is a Computer? 11 1.4 Ethics and Responsibilities in the Computer Profession 15 Software Priacy 15 Privacy of Data 16 Use of Computer Resources 16 Software Engineering 17 1.5 Problem-Solving Techniques 17 Ask Questions 18 Look for Things That Are Familiar 19 Solve by Analogy 19 Means-Ends Analysis 19 Divide and Conquer 20 The Building-Block Approach 20 Merging Solutions 21 Algorithmic Problem Solving 22 Summary 22 2 C++ Syntax and Semantics, and the Program development process 25 2.1 The Elements of C++ Programs 26 C++ Program Structure 26 Syntax and Semantics 28 Syntax Templates 30 Naming Program Elements: Identifiers 31 Data and Data Types 33 Naming Elements: Declarations 34 Taking Action: Executable Statements 38 Beyond Minimalism: Adding Comments to a Program 43 2.2 Program Construction 44 Blocks (Compound Statements) 46 The C++ Preprocessor 47 An Introduction to Namespaces 49 2.3 More About Output 50 Creating Blank Lines 50 Inserting Blanks Within a Line 51 Programming Example: Contest Letter 53 Testing and Debugging 57 Summary 59 Quick Check 59 Exam Preparation Exercises 62 Programming Warm-up Exercises 65 Programming Problems 67 3 Numeric Type, Expressions, and Output 3.1 Overview of C++ Data Types 70 3.2 Numeric Data Types 70 Integral Types 71 Floating-Point Types 72 3.3 Declarations for Numeric Types 73 Named Constant Declarations 73 3.4 Simple Arithmetic Expressions 74 Arithmetic Operators 75 Increment and Decrement Operators 78 3.5 Compound Arithmetic Expressions 78 Precedence Rules 79 Type Coercion and Type Casting 80 3.6 Function Calls and Library Functions 83 Value-Returning Functions 83 Library Functions 85 Void Functions 86 3.7 Formatting the Output 87 Integers and Strings 87 Floating-Point numbers 90 3.8 Additional string Operations 94 The length and size Functions 94 The find Function 95 The substr Function 97 Programming Example: Map Measurements 99 Testing and Debugging 102 Summary 103 Quick Check 103 Exam Preparation Exercises 106 Programming Warm-up Exercises 109 Programming Problems 113 4 Program Input and the Software Design Process 115 4.1 Getting Data into Programs 116 Input Streams and the Extraction Operator(>>) 116 The Reading Marker and the Newline Character 119 Reading Character Data with the get Function 120 Skipping Characters with the ignore Function 122 Reading String Data 123 4.2 Interactive Input/Output 125 4.3 Noninteractive Input/Output 126 4.4 File Input and Output 127 Files 127 Using Files 127 An Example Program Using Files 130 Run-Time Input of File Names 133 4.5 Input Failure 134 4.6 Software Design Methodologies 135 4.7 What Are Objects? 136 4.8 Object-Oriented Design 138 4.9 Functional Decomposition 138 Modules 140 A Perspective on Design 141 Programming Example: Stretching a Canvas 142 Testing and Debugging 147 Testing and Debugging Hints 148 Summary 149 Quick Check 150 Exam Preparation Exercises 151 Programming Warm-up Exercises 153 Programming Problems 155 5 Conditions, Logical Expressions, and Selection Control Structures 157 5.1 Flow of Control 158 Selection 159 5.2 Conditions and Logical Expressions 159 The bool Data Type 159 Logical Expressions 160 Precedence of Operators 166 Relational Operators with Floating-Point Types 167 5.3 The If Statement 168 The If-Then-Else Form 169 Blocks (Compound Statements) 170 The If-Then Form 172 A Common Mistake 173 5.4 Nested If Statements 174 The Dangling else 176 5.5 Testing the State of an I/O Stream 178 Programming Example: Warning Notices 180 Testing and Debugging 183 Testing in the Problem-Solving Phase:The Algorithm Walk-Through 184 Testing in the Implementation Phase 186 The Test Plan 191 Tests Performed Automatically During Compilation and Execution 192 Testing and Debugging Hints 193 Summary 195 Quick Check 195 Exam Preparation Exercises 196 Programming Warm-up Exercises 199 Programming Problems 202 Looping 6.1 The While Statement 206 6.2 Phase of Loop Execution 208 6.3 Loops Using the While Statement 208 Count-Controlled loops 209 Event-Controlled Loops 209 Looping Subtasks 212 6.4 How to Design Loops 214 Designing the Flow of Control 215 Designing the Process within the Loop 216 6.5 Nested Login 217 Designing Nested Loops 219 Programming Example: Average Income by Gender 220 Testing and Debugging 223 Loop-Testing Strategy 223 Test Plans Involving Loops 224 Testing and Debugging Hints 225 Summary 227 Quick Check 227 Exam Preparation Exercises 228 Programming Warm-up Exercises 231 Programming Problems 232 7 Functions 235 7.1 Functional Decomposition wit Void Functions 236 Writing Modules as Void Functions 236 7.2 An Overview of User-Defined Functions 239 Flow of Control in Function Calls 239 Function Parameters 240 7.3 Syntax and Semantics of Void Functions 241 Function Call (Invocation) 241 Function Declarations and Definitions 242 Local Variables 244 The Return Statement 245 Header Files 246 7.4 Parameters 247 Value Parameters 248 Reference Parameters 249 7.5 Designing Functions 250 Writing Assertions as Program Comments 252 Documenting the Direction of Data Flow 254 Programming Example: Comparison of Furniture-Store Sales 257 Testing and Debugging 263 The assert Library Function 265 Testing and Debugging Hints 266 Summary 267 Quick Check 268 Exam Preparation Exercises 269 Programming Warm-up Exercises 275 Programming Problems 277 8 Scope, Lifetime, and More on Functions 281 8.1 Scope of Identifiers 282 Scope Rules 284 Variable Declarations and Definitions 287 Namespaces 288 8.2 Lifetime of a Variable 291 Initializations in Declarations 292 8.3 Interface Design 293 Side Effects 294 Global Constants 294 8.4 Value-Returning Functions 295 Boolean Functions 299 Interface Design for Value-Returning Functions 300 When to Use Value-Returning Functions 300 Programming Example: Starship Weight and Balance 302 Testing and Debugging 310 Stubs and Drivers 310 Testing and Debugging Hints 311 Summary 312 Quick Check 312 Exam Preparation Exercises 313 Programming Warm-up Exercises 317 Programming Problems 319 9 Additional Control Structures 323 9.1 The Switch Statement 324 9.2 The Do-While Statement 327 9.3 The For Statement 330 9.4 The Break and Continue Statements 332 9.5 Guidelines for Choosing a Looping Statement 335 Programming Example: Monthly Rainfall Averages 336 Testing and Debugging 340 Testing and Debugging Hints 340 Summary 341 Quick Check 341 Exam Preparation Exercises 342 Programming Warm-up Exercises 344 Programming Problems 346 10 Simple Data Types: Built-In and User-Defined 349 10.1 Built-In Simple Types 350 Integral Types 352 Floating-Point Types 353 10.2 Additional C++ Operators 354 Assignment Operators and Assignment Expressions 356 Increment and Decrement Operators 357 Bitwise Operators 358 The Cast Operation 358 The sizeof Operator 358 The ?: Operator 359 Operator Precedence 359 10.3 Working with Character Data 360 Character Sets 361 C++ char Constants 362 Programming Techniques 363 10.4 More on Floating-Point Numbers 367 Representation of Floating-Point Numbers 367 Arithmetic with Floating-Point Numbers 370 10.5 User-Defined Simple Types 372 The Typedef Statement 372 Enumeration Types 373 Named and Anonymous Data Types 379 User-written Header Files 380 10.6 More on Type Coercion 380 Type Coercion in Arithmetic and Relational Expressions 381 Type Coercion in Assignments, Argument Passing, and Return of a Function Value 382 Programming Example: Rock, Paper, Scissors 384 Testing and Debugging 391 Floating-Point Data 391 Coping with Input Errors 391 Testing and Debugging Hints 392 Summary 393 Quick Check 393 Exam Preparation Exercises 395 Programming Warm-up Exercises 397 Programming Problems 398 11 Structured Types, Data Abstraction, and Classes 401 11.1 Simple Versus Structured Data Types 402 11.2 Records (C++ Structs) 403 Accessing Individual Components 405 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