極端相對(duì)論性重離子碰撞（英文影印版）

Preface v
Contents vii
I Basics 1
1 Kinematics and invariants 3
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Four-vectors and kinematic variables . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Invariants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Cross sections 25
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Derivation of the cross section from nonrelativistic perturbation
theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 The wave-optical model and total cross sections . . . . 47
2.4 The quark model, hadron-hadron interactions and parton
distribution functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.5 Photoproduction and two-photon physics in heavy-ion
collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3 Geometry 105
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.2 Nuclear density distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.3 Geometry of nucleus-nucleus collisions . . . . . . . . . 117
3.4 Probes of centrality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4 Thermodynamics 149
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.2 Review of thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.3 Phase transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.4 Phase transitions in nuclear physics . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5 Hydrodynamics 221
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
5.2 Energy-momentum tensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.3 Hydrodynamic equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
5.4 Solutions to the hydrodynamic equations: longitudinal
expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
5.5 Solutions to the hydrodynamic equations: transverse
(radial) expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
5.6 Observable consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
6 Lattice gauge theory 279
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
6.2 Symmetries and the Lagrangian . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
6.3 Basics of lattice gauge theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
6.4 Chiral symmetry and spontaneous symmetry breaking . 333
6.5 Selected results from lattice QCD . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
II Probes 357
7 Thermal dileptons 359
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
7.2 High mass thermal dilepton rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
7.3 Initial conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
7.4 Numerical results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
7.5 Other dilepton sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
8 Quarkonium 385
8.1 Introduction to quarkonium in heavy-ion collisions . . . 385
8.2 Quarkonium levels at T = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
8.3 Quarkonium production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
8.4 Quarkonium suppression by a quark-gluon plasma . . . 401
8.5 Quarkonium suppression by hadrons . . . . . . . . . . 413
8.6 Nucleus-nucleus collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
9 Hadronization 427
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
9.2 Fragmentation in pp collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
9.3 Nuclear effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Bibliography 455
Index 469