計算機(jī)考研專業(yè)課：計算機(jī)組成原理一本通（考點(diǎn)詳解+習(xí)題全解 啟航計算機(jī)考研專業(yè)課系列）

目 錄
第 1 章 計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)概述 ···················· 1.
1.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ································· 1
1.1.1 考研解讀 ························ 1.
1.1.2 知識結(jié)構(gòu) ························ 1.
1.2 計算機(jī)的發(fā)展歷程與分類 ······ 2.
1.3 計算機(jī)系統(tǒng) ····························· 3.
1.3.1 計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的組成 ········· 3.
1.3.2 計算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的層次
結(jié)構(gòu) ································ 4.
1.3.3 計算機(jī)的軟件 ················· 4.
1.3.4 存儲程序思想與
馮·諾依曼計算機(jī) ········· 5.
1.3.5 計算機(jī)的硬件組成 ········· 6.
1.3.6 計算機(jī)的指令執(zhí)行
過程 ································ 7.
1.4 計算機(jī)的性能指標(biāo) ·················· 8.
1.5 本章習(xí)題 ······························· 10.
1.6 習(xí)題參考答案 ······················· 12.
第 2 章 運(yùn)算器 ································ 14
2.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ······························· 14.
2.1.1 考研解讀 ······················ 14.
2.1.2 知識結(jié)構(gòu) ······················ 14.
2.2 知識講解 ······························· 15.
2.2.1 基本概念 ······················ 15.
2.2.2 進(jìn)制系統(tǒng) ······················ 15.
2.2.3 定點(diǎn)數(shù)表示和運(yùn)算 ······· 16.
2.2.4 浮點(diǎn)數(shù)表示和運(yùn)算 ······· 24.
2.2.5 IEEE 754 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ·············· 27.
2.2.6 運(yùn)算器 ·························· 29.
2.2.7 校驗碼 ·························· 31.
2.3 本章習(xí)題 ······························· 35.
2.4 習(xí)題參考答案 ························ 40.
第 3 章 主存儲器····························· 47
3.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ······························· 47.
3.1.1 考研解讀 ······················ 47.
3.1.2 知識結(jié)構(gòu) ······················ 48.
3.2 知識講解 ······························· 49.
3.2.1 基本概念 ······················ 49.
3.2.2 存儲器的分類 ·············· 49.
3.2.3 存儲器的系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu) ······ 51.
3.2.4 半導(dǎo)體隨機(jī)存儲器和
只讀存儲器 ·················· 52.
3.2.5 主存儲器與 CPU 的
連接與控制 ·················· 55.
3.2.6 雙端口 RAM 和多體
模塊存儲器 ·················· 58.
3.2.7 主存—Cache 系統(tǒng) ······· 60.
3.2.8 虛擬存儲系統(tǒng) ·············· 70.
3.3 本章習(xí)題 ······························· 75.
3.4 習(xí)題參考答案 ························ 88
第 4 章 指令系統(tǒng)··························· 107
4.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ····························· 107.
4.1.1 考研解讀 ···················· 107.
4.1.2 知識結(jié)構(gòu) ···················· 107.
4.2 機(jī)器指令 ····························· 108.
4.3 定長指令格式和變長指令
格式 ····································· 109.
4.4 尋址方式 ····························· 112.
4.4.1 尋址方式概述 ············ 112.
4.4.2 指令尋址 ···················· 112.
計算機(jī)考研專業(yè)課——計算機(jī)組成原理一本通（考點(diǎn)詳解＋習(xí)題全解）
IV
4.4.3 數(shù)據(jù)尋址 ···················· 113.
4.5 復(fù)雜指令系統(tǒng)計算機(jī)和
精簡指令系統(tǒng)計算機(jī) ·········· 118.
4.6 本章習(xí)題 ····························· 119.
4.7 習(xí)題參考答案 ····················· 124.
第 5 章 中央處理器（CPU） ········ 129
5.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ····························· 129.
5.1.1 考綱解讀 ···················· 129.
5.1.2 知識結(jié)構(gòu) ···················· 129.
5.2 CPU 的功能和組成 ············· 130.
5.2.1 CPU 的組成和結(jié)構(gòu) ···· 130.
5.2.2 CPU 中的寄存器 ········ 131.
5.2.3 CPU 的功能和數(shù)據(jù)
通路 ···························· 132.
5.3 控制的設(shè)計原理 ················· 135.
5.3.1 CPU 的控制方式 ········ 135.
5.3.2 微程序控制器的原理
和設(shè)計 ························ 136.
5.3.3 組合邏輯控制器的
原理和設(shè)計 ················· 140.
5.4 指令流水線 ························· 140.
5.4.1 指令執(zhí)行方案 ············· 140.
5.4.2 指令流水線 ················· 141.
5.4.3 流水線的性能指標(biāo) ····· 142.
5.4.4 影響流水線性能的
因素 ···························· 143.
5.4.5 超流水線技術(shù) ············· 144.
5.5 本章習(xí)題 ····························· 146.
5.6 習(xí)題參考答案 ····················· 154.
第 6 章 總線 ·································· 162
6.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ····························· 162.
6.1.1 考研解讀 ···················· 162.
6.1.2 知識結(jié)構(gòu) ···················· 162.
6.2 總線概述 ····························· 163.
6.2.1 基本概念 ···················· 163.
6.2.2 總線的分類 ················ 163.
6.2.3 總線的組成 ················ 164.
6.2.4 總線的性能指標(biāo) ········ 164.
6.2.5 總線的連接結(jié)構(gòu) ········ 165.
6.2.6 總線的特性 ················ 167.
6.3 總線仲裁 ····························· 167.
6.3.1 集中仲裁 ···················· 167.
6.3.2 分布仲裁 ···················· 169.
6.4 總線通信控制 ······················ 170.
6.4.1 總線信息傳送過程 ···· 170.
6.4.2 總線的定時方式 ········ 170.
6.5 總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ····························· 172.
6.5.1 系統(tǒng)總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ············ 172.
6.5.2 設(shè)備總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
（外部總線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)） ···· 173.
6.6 本章習(xí)題 ····························· 173.
6.7 習(xí)題參考答案 ······················ 178.
第 7 章 輸入/輸出系統(tǒng) ·················· 183
7.1 本章導(dǎo)學(xué) ····························· 183.
7.1.1 考研解讀 ···················· 183.
7.1.2 知識結(jié)構(gòu) ···················· 184.
7.2 基本概念 ····························· 184.
7.3 外部設(shè)備 ····························· 185.
7.4 I/O 接口 ······························· 188.
7.5 I/O 控制方式 ······················· 190.
7.5.1 程序查詢方式 ············ 190.
7.5.2 程序中斷方式 ············ 191.
7.5.3 直接存儲器存取
方式 ···························· 198.
7.5.4 I/O 通道控制方式 ······ 201.
7.5.5 I/O 處理機(jī) ·················· 203.
7.6 本章習(xí)題 ····························· 203.
7.7 習(xí)題參考答案 ······················ 211