離子液體：陰陽離子相互作用（英文版）

Chapter 1 Ionic liquids and photoelectron spectroscopy 1
1.1 Ionic liquids  4
1.2 Ionic liquids properties 4
1.3 Synthesis of ionic liquids 5
1.3.1 Materials  6
1.3.2 Instrumentation  6
1.3.3 2,3-Dimethylimidazolium ionic liquids 6
1.3.4 3-Methylimidazolium ionic liquids 8
1.3.5 Pyridinium ionic liquids  12
1.3.6 Ammonium ionic liquids  13
1.3.7 Phosphonium ionic liquids 13
1.3.8 Chlorostannate ionic liquids  14
1.3.9 Trihalide ionic liquids 14
1.4 XPS experiment 15
References 17
Chapter 2 Cation-anion interactions 23
2.1 [C4C1Im] ionic liquids  24
2.1.1 Electronic environment of carbon regions  25
2.1.2 Electronic environment of nitrogen regions  28
2.2 [C4C1C1Im] ionic liquids  29
2.2.1 Electronic environment of carbon regions and charge correction 30
2.2.2 Electronic environment of nitrogen regions  32
2.2.3 [C4C1C1Im] versus [C4C1Im] 33
2.3 [N1,8,8,8] ionic liquids 37
2.3.1 Electronic environment of carbon regions  37
2.3.2 Impact of the anion on the cation-anion interactions  39
2.3.3 Impact of the cation on the cation-anion interactions 39
2.4 [P6,6,6,14] ionic liquids  42
2.4.1 Electronic environment of carbon regions  43
2.4.2 Electronic environment of phosphorus regions  43
2.4.3 [P6,6,6,14] versus [C4C1Im]  44
2.5 [S2,2,1] ionic liquids  45
2.6 Impact of the cation acidity on the anion 46
2.7 Ionic liquid mixtures with binary cations  48
2.7.1 For the more basic anion 49
2.7.2 For the less basic anion 50
2.8 Conclusions 52
2.9 XP spectra for this chapter  52
References 74
Chapter 3 Chlorostannate ionic liquids 79
3.1 Formation of chlorostannate ionic liquids  80
3.2 Monitoring the electronic environment of Sn centre 82
3.3 Electronic environment of the cation 87
3.4 Electronic environment of the anion  89
3.5 Conclusions 91
3.6 XP spectra for this chapter  91
References 99
Chapter 4 Trihalide ionic liquids 102
4.1 Comparison to halide-based analogues 103
4.2 Anion basicity  107
4.3 Beam damage 108
4.4 Conclusions 114
4.5 XP spectra for this chapter  114
References 120
Chapter 5 Zwitterionic liquids 123
5.1 Electronic environment of carbon regions 124
5.2 Comparison to acetate-based analogues 125
5.3 Conclusions 127
5.4 XP spectra for this chapter  127
References 130