正文

Ⅰ名詞(3)

英文疑難詳解 作者:錢歌川


I make up my mind.(下決心。)

They make up their minds.

You must not speak ill of a man to his face.(不要當面說人壞話。)

You must not speak ill of others to their faces.

Do not speak ill of a man behind his back.(不要背后說人壞話。)

Do not speak ill of others behind their backs. 但是請看下面二例:

(a)The three men were nodding their heads.

(b)The three men were nodding their head. 據(jù)G.H.Vallins在Perfect Your English(P.107)中說,上面的(a)例,意為三個人每個人都有一個以上的頭,而(b)例的意思則為三個人共一個頭,所以用復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)都一樣的有毛病,但除此二者之外,沒有其他更好的說法,只得從二者擇其一,勉強用了(b)型。所以我說有時是英文本身不完善的地方,無法說得滿意的。

但有些名詞如way是不要加復(fù)數(shù)的,例如: They continued their way on foot.(他們繼續(xù)徒步前進了。)

He worked his way through university as a day laborer.(他做著日薪工人賺錢讀完大學。)

The red cows on the farther hill ate their way slowly toward the north.——John Steinbeck(在遠處山上的那些赤牛慢慢地吃著草向北走去。) 4.不可以說I am a good friend with him

“我和他是好朋友。”譯作I am a good friend with him.為什么不對?應(yīng)該怎樣譯,才合英文的慣用語法?

【解答】應(yīng)說I am good friends with him.主語分明是單數(shù),下接的補語卻要改成復(fù)數(shù),原是英文的一種特殊的表現(xiàn)法,在其他的語言,如法文、德文或意大利文里面都沒有的。這是兩個不同的表現(xiàn)法混淆起來,所變成的一個四不像的雜種。在現(xiàn)代英文中,這種構(gòu)成的習語,習見不鮮,從主張純正英文(Pure English)的學者看來,這簡直是把英文糟蹋了,所以他們對于這個的專門術(shù)語,叫作“污染”(contamination),不幸的是,這種污染的英文,居然被慣用法(usage)所認可,而成為現(xiàn)代英文的一部分了。

原來是兩句很通順的英文,一句說I am friendly with him.(我和他友善。);一句說He and I are friends.(我和他是朋友。)這兩句混合起來便成為了I am friends with him了。這個混血兒的產(chǎn)生為時是很早的,因為Shakespeare在他著的《亨利四世》上卷第三幕第三場二百零二行中,便有這樣的說法: “I am good friends with my father”,says Prince Hal,“and may do any thing.”(我和我父親已經(jīng)回復(fù)舊好,現(xiàn)在我什么事情都可以做了。)(虞爾昌譯)

英文表示“與人親密”或“與人重修舊好”的意思,就用to be (或make或keep) friends with這個習語。但也有用單數(shù)的時候,不過不是說友善,如He is our friend.(他是我黨。)I am a friend to (或of) liberty.(我愛自由。)He is no friend to (或of) peace and order.(他不維護治安。)He is a friend to commerce.(他贊助商務(wù)。)等等皆是。


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