正文

Ⅵ助動詞(1)

英文疑難詳解 作者:錢歌川


Ⅵ助動詞

87.Have you?和Do you have?

在英文中有Have you?和Do you have?兩種不同的說法;及Have you to do?和Do you have to do?兩種不同的說法,不知每二者之間有何差異?

【解答】第一,我們應該明白,英國的英文和美國的英文是有些不同的。例如“have”一個動詞,在用法上就大有差別,用作“所有”解時,在疑問句中,英國的英文是無需要加助動詞“do”的,在美國的英文中便要加“do”而把“have”看作和其他的動詞一樣: Have you any brothers?(英)

Do you have any brothers?(美)

Has she blue eyes?(英)

Does she have blue eyes?(美)

How many children have you?(英)

How many children do you have?(美)但是“have”如不作“所有”解時,在英國的英文中也是要加“do”來發(fā)問的,如:

Do you have (=take) lunch out every day?(你每天都在外面吃午飯嗎?)

至于have to與do——have to兩種說法,美國也是并行不悖,隨便怎樣說都可以的,但在英國仍然有些分別,據(jù)Hornby說這句表示“必須”的“have to”,有“特殊的”與“習慣的”兩種用法,如指極近的未來(immediate future)或過去的未來(futureinthe past)當中的活動,便是特殊用法,如: Have you to go to the dentist’s this morning?(你今天上午要去看牙齒嗎?)

如系指經(jīng)常的或習慣的活動,就說: Do you often have to go to the dentist’s?(你經(jīng)常要去看牙齒嗎?)

在以上兩種情形不一定要正式的疑問句才行,請參看下例:

You haven’t to go to school today,have you?(特殊)

You don’t have to go to school on Sundays,do you?(習慣)在口語中常將have got to代替have to用:

What have you got to eat?(特殊)

What do you have to eat?(習慣)

He hasn’t got to work.(特殊)

He doesn't have to work.(習慣)在會話時,尤其是在美國,常將have省去,只說got,如:I got to (=must)write a letter.

又“have to”的過去有下列各種表現(xiàn): had to(肯定)

did you have to

had you to

had you got to(疑問)

didn’t have to

had not to(否定)

但had got to只有英國人說,美國人是不這樣說的。


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