元好問(wèn) Yuan Haowen

元好問(wèn)（1190—1257），字裕之，號(hào)遺山，太原（今屬山西?。┤恕Ｋ南茸媸悄媳背瘯r(shí)期北魏鮮卑貴族拓跋氏，他本人是唐代著名詩(shī)人元結(jié)的后裔。元好問(wèn)生活在金末元初社會(huì)大動(dòng)亂的時(shí)代。他24歲時(shí)，蒙古族首領(lǐng)成吉思汗率軍進(jìn)攻金朝，他的哥哥被蒙古軍殺害。元好問(wèn)逃到鄰縣才幸免于難。26歲時(shí)，蒙古軍南下，他攜全家逃到今天的河南。31歲時(shí)，他中了進(jìn)士，后來(lái)做過(guò)幾任縣令。41歲時(shí)他被調(diào)任京官，舉家遷到金朝都城南京（今河南省開(kāi)封市）。第二年（1232年），蒙古軍圍困南京，他與廣大軍民一起度過(guò)了“圍城十月鬼為鄰”的艱難歲月。金朝隨即滅亡。他攜帶友人之子白樸，隨同被俘金朝官員百姓，被蒙古軍驅(qū)趕至今天山東的聊城監(jiān)管。脫離監(jiān)管后，他轉(zhuǎn)回家鄉(xiāng)，終老不仕元朝，一心著書(shū)立說(shuō)，直到67歲去世。元好問(wèn)一生飽受離亂之苦，親眼目睹了金元更替的歷史全過(guò)程。他痛心于金朝的腐敗，也痛恨蒙古侵略者的殘暴。國(guó)破家亡、流離失所、淪為階下囚的痛苦使他對(duì)社會(huì)和人生都有所感悟。他用詩(shī)歌記錄了這一切。元好問(wèn)是文學(xué)多面手，詩(shī)、詞、曲都有杰作。他是最早開(kāi)始創(chuàng)作曲的文人，不過(guò)他的曲作還帶有詞的痕跡，還不是真正意義上的曲。

Yuan Haowen（1190-1257），also known by his self-given names Yuzhi and Yishan，was born in Taiyuan，Shanxi Province，a descendant from the Tuoba family，a noble line of the Xianbei tribe that founded the Northern Wei Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties，and an offspring of Yuan Jie，a renowned poet in the Tang Dynasty．His earlier life experience was of the social turmoil during the years as the Yuan Dynasty was substituting for Jin．At the age of 24，he saw his brother slain by the Mongolian army headed by Genghis Khan in a raid upon the Jin Dynasty，and survived by fleeing to a neighboring county．At 26，when the Mongolian army plunged southward，he had to leave his homeland with his family，arriving and settling in what is today Henan Province．When he was 31，he was selected Jinshi and thereafter served a number of terms in office as county magistrate．At 41 he with his family moved to and settled down in Nanjing（what is now Kaifeng City）the capital，upon receiving a post shortly before．In the 10 months of the next year（1232），during the siege of the capital by the Mongolian army，he took up arms in the defense，spending days and nights “with ghosts as neighbors”（says a poem），an experience that ended in the seizure of the capital and destruction of Jin．Taking along with him Bai Pu，a young man placed in his custody by his father（a friend of Yuan’s）and alongside civilians and the Jin’s officials as prisoners of war，he was exiled to what is now Liaocheng，Shandong Province，where they were all imprisoned．When the imprisonment ended，he returned to his homeland．Never serving the new empire henceforward，he devoted himself to the composition of literary and scholarly works，until he died at 67．Undergoing every infelicity and agony that warfare and social turmoil are capable of，he witnessed whatever happened when one empire was being crushed down upon by its substitute，the entirety of a history．To watch the country falling to pieces and families slaughtered; to have to leave his native land to become homeless; to be deprived of his trade to become destitute; to be taken prisoner and imprisoned—they were part of what sufficed to have him start to rethink about life and society，after having him be thoroughly disgusted by the corruption of the old Jin Dynasty and resentful of the atrocity of the new．And he put down in verse what he came to realize．Literarily versatile，he proved to be a master of shi，ci，and qu．He was then one of the first few men of letters to become reconciled to the composition of qu，bringing about works somewhat akin to ci and fairly different from qu in the sense of the word we define.

人月圓·卜居外家東園

○元好問(wèn)

重岡^①已隔紅塵^②斷，村落更年豐。移居要就^③，窗中遠(yuǎn)岫^④，舍^⑤后長(zhǎng)松。

十年種木，一年種谷，都付兒童^⑥。老夫惟有^⑦，醒來(lái)明月，醉后清風(fēng)。

【注釋】

1 重岡：重重疊疊的山岡。此處指元好問(wèn)母親的家位于起伏的群山中。

2 “紅塵”一詞最早見(jiàn)于東漢班固的《兩都賦》“紅塵四合，煙云相連”，后來(lái)成為佛家語(yǔ)，指紛紛擾擾的人世間，與佛家清凈的西天極樂(lè)世界相對(duì)應(yīng)。本曲中的“紅塵”指世俗生活，如高低進(jìn)退的官場(chǎng)和燈紅酒綠的花花世界。

3 本句是說(shuō)，要把家搬到什么樣的地方呢？

4 岫（xiù）：山。

5 舍：房屋茅舍，指農(nóng)家簡(jiǎn)陋的住房。

6 兒童：這里指作者自己的孩子們。

7 老夫：指作者自己。惟有：只有。

TUNE：MAN AND MOON

Moving to My Mother’s East Garden

Hill on hill keeps apart the vanity fair

From this village of bumper year.

I move house to come near

The window-enframed distant hill

And the pine-trees behind the windowsill.

I’ll leave the woods and fields to the care

Of my children dear

So that I may do what I will.

Awake，I’ll enjoy the moon so bright;

Drunk，the refreshing breeze so light.

【賞析】

元好問(wèn)是金代遺民，對(duì)元朝侵略者的殘暴統(tǒng)治極為憤恨，所以他脫離了元人的監(jiān)管被遣返回家后堅(jiān)決不仕元朝，而且遠(yuǎn)離政治，避開(kāi)鬧市，在鄉(xiāng)間過(guò)著隱居的生活。這首曲文就是描寫(xiě)他回鄉(xiāng)后的生活和心情的。

由于這是元代文人早期的曲作品，因此還明顯帶有詞的痕跡。全曲還習(xí)慣地分為上下兩片，用字也相當(dāng)文雅，這與當(dāng)時(shí)民間的曲有很大區(qū)別。有人據(jù)此認(rèn)為這是“曲承詞起”的明證，其實(shí)這應(yīng)該看作文人向民間曲學(xué)習(xí)的結(jié)果。

這首小令內(nèi)容平實(shí)而簡(jiǎn)略。上半段寫(xiě)的是，在山巒重疊的包圍中，作者過(guò)著與世隔絕的生活。今年收成不錯(cuò)，令他欣喜。他之所以要遠(yuǎn)離喧囂的城市，是為著推開(kāi)窗戶就能看到遠(yuǎn)方的山巒，走到屋外就能看到挺拔的蒼松。下半段寫(xiě)，在山上種樹(shù)，在田里種谷，這些體力活兒都交給孩子們?nèi)ジ闪?。自己老了，干不了了，就只管享受生活吧。每天醒?lái)，就看看天上的明月；每次酒醉，就吹吹院中的清風(fēng)。

這首小令似乎主要寫(xiě)景，寫(xiě)了山巒、蒼松、明月、清風(fēng)。但讀者從中體會(huì)到的卻是作者的心情：恬淡、寧?kù)o、自足、自樂(lè)。但在這自足自樂(lè)中，作者并非滿心愉悅，而是郁結(jié)著難言的塊壘，透露著對(duì)世事的不屑與憎惡。首句中“紅塵斷”三字就非?？隙ㄅc用力，表達(dá)了作者堅(jiān)決不與元朝統(tǒng)治者合作的決心；而“移居要就”四字，說(shuō)明了他離開(kāi)城市和官場(chǎng)不是別人的強(qiáng)迫，而是自己的選擇，之所以這樣選擇也是為了遠(yuǎn)離喧囂的紅塵世界，遠(yuǎn)離侵略者奴役的鐵蹄，尋找一個(gè)能夠安穩(wěn)生活的棲身之地。在這個(gè)棲息地，他與家人自食其力，心中在意的是風(fēng)調(diào)雨順，閑暇喜愛(ài)的是清風(fēng)明月。這種看似極為簡(jiǎn)單的生活本身就是對(duì)元朝統(tǒng)治者的無(wú)情控訴。一個(gè)滿腹經(jīng)綸、才華橫溢、德高望重的文人，拼命地躲避著外部世界，不再關(guān)心政局的動(dòng)蕩，和全家人隱居在鄉(xiāng)間僻壤，過(guò)著艱苦勞作的生活。如果不是元朝統(tǒng)治者的統(tǒng)治使得文人們無(wú)法生活，幾與乞丐為伍，一言不慎即身首異處，作者又何至于此呢？

這首小令的語(yǔ)言非常優(yōu)美。不長(zhǎng)的文字中多處用了對(duì)偶句，且對(duì)仗自然工整，如“窗中遠(yuǎn)岫，舍后長(zhǎng)松”、“十年種木，一年種谷”、“醒來(lái)明月，醉后清風(fēng)”。這些對(duì)偶句使文字如鳥(niǎo)生雙翅，充滿靈動(dòng)與美感。而全曲營(yíng)造的生活氣氛和環(huán)境從天到地，從遠(yuǎn)到近，從老人到孩子，有動(dòng)有靜，有形有聲，看似隱居，幽閉不出，實(shí)則眼界開(kāi)闊，心胸博大，充滿情趣，而憤憤之氣亦不露聲色地暗含其中。不能不說(shuō)是一首絕妙好曲。

Interpretation

Surviving as a subject of the Jin Empire and cherishing a flery hatred against the atrocity of the Mongolian invaders，Yuan Haowen returned to his native place when his custody by the Mongolian soldiers ended．Resolving never to serve the Yuan regime，he started a rural life of seclusion，carefully staying away from politics and busy social life and nourishing such moods as portrayed in the above verse.

A verse as qu in its budding phase，it comprises two elegantly worded stanzas，obviously instancing a resemblance to ci and a distinction from qu．Some critics believed that these are evidence that qu is a ci variant，although it may also be evidence that it is the adaptation by contemporary men of letters to the popular qu.

A xiaoling，this pretty lovely melody is simple in content．The first stanza provides the scene where，in the midst of hills，the poet，who has earlier spared himself the worldly life and become sure about the village’s good，ripening crops，is rejoicing over his decision to move to his mother’s parents’ house so as to be closer to the hills and have a larger intimacy with the lofty pine trees that are now just behind the house．In the second stanza the poet celebrates the even greater comfort of wakening to find the moon in a serene sky and getting recovered from drunkenness by a sobering breeze，all because he has now his young sons to leave to the yearly growing of crops and the planting of trees that can be applied to use ten years later.

Seemingly a scenery of rolling hills，lofty pine trees，bright moon and light breeze，this verse is never implicit as to what the reader is acquainted with，moods of the poet：indifferent，serene，self-complacent and self-entertained．These are not，however，moods indicative of glee or mirth，but of speechless anguish，disdain and abhorrence against social reality．The abrupt“紅塵斷”（which can be put literally as：to keep away the red dusts i.e．secular world）is a determination not to have anything to do with the new regime，whereas“移居要就”（literally：to move home so as to get near to …）is an expression of the poet’s having willingly，purposefully chosen to withdraw from the metropolis and officialdom so as to be freed from the enslavement and suppression by the rulers who have formerly been invaders，and to secure a better home place，where he and his family can live on what they earn as free laborers，mind only the benign weather and the good harvest it brings，and aspire to the silvery moon to entertain his eyes upon awakening during the night，and a light breeze to subdue a drunkenness．A simple life can be chosen to act as a fiery protest，as is presently the case．A literary man of astounding talent and encyclopedic knowledge，and held in personal prestige—when such a man takes pains to run away from the larger world，to care not a dime whatever may become of the government and society，and to hide with his family reclusively living on severe labor—when something like this happens，there must be something the matter with the regime，a regime that has made life so hard that men of letters are nearly joining the beggars，and has enforced a rule so mercilessly that slip of the tongue can be mortal sins.

Beautifully worded，this xiaoling is also valued for it’s primly wrought but extremely natural couplets：“窗中遠(yuǎn)岫，舍后長(zhǎng)松”（literally：distant hills within the window / soaring pines behind the house），“十年種木，一年種谷”（planting of trees to be applied to use after every ten years / growing of crops to be processed into food for every one year），and “醒來(lái)明月，醉后清風(fēng)”（the bright moon to get awakened to / the light breeze to be soberized by）．They function aesthetically，but also help constitute a landscape viewed from far away to where you are：aged and young people，serenity and activity，a mere figure and distinct sounds，a landscape in the eyes of a hermit，but not without a sight that extends to the farmost，an insight that reaches the inmost of the interior，a broad mind that is genially disposed，and a heart that with indignation is bumping hard and loud．They justify as good a qu as this.

小圣樂(lè)·驟雨打新荷

○元好問(wèn)

綠葉陰濃，遍池亭水閣，偏趁涼多^①。海榴初綻，朵朵蹙紅羅^②。乳燕雛鶯弄語(yǔ)^③，有高柳鳴蟬相和^④。驟雨過(guò)，珍珠亂糝，打遍新荷^⑤。

人生百年有幾，念良辰美景，休放虛過(guò)^⑥。窮通前定，何用苦張羅^⑦。命友邀賓玩賞，對(duì)芳樽淺酌低歌^⑧。且酩酊^⑨，任他兩輪日月，來(lái)往如梭^⑩。

【注釋】

1 開(kāi)首三句描寫(xiě)夏日荷塘景色：樹(shù)木茂盛，綠葉濃蔭遮掩著池塘和池塘邊的亭臺(tái)樓閣，人在樹(shù)蔭下感覺(jué)涼快了許多。

2 海榴：即石榴花。石榴樹(shù)是從海外引進(jìn)中國(guó)的，早期叫海榴。蹙（cù）：緊緊地挨擠在一起。紅羅：紅色的絲綢。

3 乳燕雛鶯：剛剛出生的小燕子和小黃鶯。弄語(yǔ)：說(shuō)話，此處指鳥(niǎo)兒嘰嘰喳喳地叫，像在學(xué)說(shuō)話一樣。

4 本句是說(shuō)，高高的柳樹(shù)上，蟬兒一聲聲地叫，好像在與鳥(niǎo)聲互相唱和一樣。

5 這三句意為，剛才下起一陣急雨，雨點(diǎn)一顆顆打在一片片新長(zhǎng)出的青綠荷葉上，像珍珠般到處亂竄。

6 這三句是說(shuō)，人生苦短，一共也沒(méi)有多少時(shí)日，千萬(wàn)不要讓好時(shí)光白白溜過(guò)。

7 作者意思是，人一輩子究竟是個(gè)什么樣子都是命中注定的，何必還要忙著追求什么得不到的東西，好好隨緣過(guò)日子就行了。窮：困窘，困厄。通：順暢發(fā)達(dá)。張羅：有目的地為某件事而忙碌。

8 本句是說(shuō)，端著漂亮的酒杯自得其樂(lè)地且飲且唱。此處用典：北宋才子柳永當(dāng)年科場(chǎng)失利，寫(xiě)了《鶴沖天》一詞，詞中有“忍把浮名，換了淺斟低唱”的名句，宋仁宗聽(tīng)到，極為不悅。后柳永再次科考時(shí)雖成績(jī)優(yōu)異，宋仁宗卻不予錄取，在柳永名下批示“此人風(fēng)前月下，好去淺斟低唱，何要浮名，且去填詞”，柳永因此而失意終生。本句借用柳永詞表達(dá)作者自己偏偏不愿做官而甘愿自得其樂(lè)地淺斟低唱。

9 酩酊（mǐngdǐng）：喝酒喝得大醉。

10 梭（suō）：舊時(shí)織布機(jī)上穿線用的工具，來(lái)回穿插，本句用以比喻日月輪回。

TUNE：MINOR SACRED MUSIC

Sudden Shower Beating on New Lotus Leaves

Green leaves casting deep shade

Over pavilions and bowers by the pool

Bring a delightful cool.

The pomegranates in early flower

Look like frowning red brocade.

Young swallows chirp and orioles warble their song

While cicadas on high willow trees trill along.

A sudden shower

With raindrops like pearls or dew

Beats on lotus leaves new.

How many people can live to a hundred years？

Do not let golden hours and fine scenery

Slip away！

Our poor destiny

Cannot be turned another way.

It’s better to invite friends and enjoy with peers

Good wine and songs we sing low.

Be tipsy while we may，

And let sun and moon come and go

Like shuttles to and fro！

【賞析】

與作者上一首曲《人月圓》相同，這首曲因是元代早期曲作，仍明顯帶有詞的痕跡，分為上下兩片，但其語(yǔ)言通俗，風(fēng)格平易，內(nèi)容灑脫，又頗具元曲本色，是元好問(wèn)的一首名曲。

曲的上片寫(xiě)荷塘夏日景色，美不勝收。先是視覺(jué)上色彩艷麗：濃綠的樹(shù)蔭、火紅的石榴、黑色的燕、黃色的鶯、珍珠般閃亮的雨點(diǎn)、嫩綠新鮮的荷葉；然后是聽(tīng)覺(jué)上聲音交錯(cuò)：鳥(niǎo)兒歌唱，蟬兒高鳴，急雨嘩嘩而下又噼噼啪啪打在荷葉上。這視覺(jué)的亮麗與聽(tīng)覺(jué)的喧鬧給人充滿活力的愉悅感覺(jué)。

下片轉(zhuǎn)入抒情。絢麗的大自然引發(fā)人們對(duì)生命的熱愛(ài)，無(wú)奈生命短暫，身不由己。而更令人難以捉摸的是時(shí)代的動(dòng)蕩和變遷。面對(duì)世事變化，作者無(wú)可奈何，最終只得采取不了了之的態(tài)度，任憑歲月消磨。

有不少當(dāng)代人批判元好問(wèn)情緒消極，得過(guò)且過(guò)。可是試想當(dāng)時(shí)情況，他不這樣又能如何？事實(shí)上，元好問(wèn)自從金滅后，就不再為官，而是回鄉(xiāng)務(wù)農(nóng)，自食其力。對(duì)一個(gè)學(xué)富五車(chē)、有經(jīng)天緯地之才的舊朝高官來(lái)說(shuō)，這已經(jīng)是最堅(jiān)決地表達(dá)了自己不與侵略者合作的態(tài)度。元好問(wèn)絕非茍安之人，更非得過(guò)且過(guò)之輩。他與朋友們賞景歡歌、飲酒作樂(lè)，不過(guò)是借酒消愁，用大自然的美麗來(lái)化解心中的痛苦。所以，盡管他心情憂郁，而曲中景色描寫(xiě)卻熱烈喧鬧，表達(dá)著他對(duì)生命的熱愛(ài)。毋寧說(shuō)，作者此時(shí)的心情既不高昂，也不低沉，而是無(wú)可奈何，這恐怕也是當(dāng)時(shí)大多數(shù)文人共同的心態(tài)。元好問(wèn)這首曲在創(chuàng)作當(dāng)時(shí)即大獲好評(píng)，恐怕正是由于它委婉細(xì)膩卻相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)了當(dāng)時(shí)文人群體復(fù)雜難解的心境。

Interpretation

Like the previous one，this piece is characteristic of Yuan qu in its earlier stage，bearing an obvious resemblance to ci of the Song Dynasty（e.g.，it comprises two stanzas）．But，for its plain language，familiar style and the author’s offhand choice of subject matter，it is also an outstanding example of Yuan qu.

The first stanza is of the description of a pool of lotus bathed in pleasantly cool daylight immediately after a summer rain．It begins with a rich display of the many natural colors：the thickly green trees with their generous shade，the pomegranates being as red as fire，and the black baby swallows and yellow young orioles，in addition to raindrops on the lotus leaves that dazzle your eyes with their colorfulness．These are followed by happy sounds made by the birds and cicadas，and by the raindrops collected on the lotus leaves that are now falling onto the water surface．These brilliant colors and noisy sounds have to result in sensual pleasures that make you happy and energetic too.

The second stanza gives a different mood：it is now highly emotional．Nature is so lovely that you love your life still more dearly on the one hand and，on the other，you bitterly realize that how short your life is and how urgently you need to make the best use of this short period of time when you do live，by drinking good wines，singing carelessly，and being carefree about everything because，except accepting your destiny，what else can you do？

Thus from many a critic the author gets the blame that his intellectual position is passive and his way of life negative．Other critics think otherwise that his taking to drink is but a way of pacifying himself when he was in distress，and his passivity signals his non-cooperation with the Yuan rulers．In fact，when the Mongolian invaders overthrew the Jin Dynasty，he resigned his office and returned to his native place to live as a farmer．The author’s way of life and his attitude towards the Yuan regime as minutely，tactfully reflected in this work mirrors the complicated state of mind of most of the intellectuals at the time，which helps explain why this work became popular and was critically acclaimed soon after it was composed.